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WASHINGTON (AP) - Le Sénat américain a approuvé dans la nuit de jeudi à vendredi une réforme de l'immigration soutenue par George W. Bush, ouvrant la voie à la régularisation de millions de clandestins aux Etats-Unis, tout en renforçant la sécurité aux frontières. Reste à convaincre la Chambre des représentants, dont l'accord, loin d'être acquis, est indispensable pour entériner le texte. La loi, soutenue par le président américain contre l'avis d'une partie des républicains, fera l'objet de négociations avec la chambre basse du Congrès, qui avait adopté en décembre dernier un autre texte, plus répressif, ne prévoyant aucune régularisation. ... 
Des dizaines de milliers de personnes ont commencé à défiler lundi aux Etats-Unis, où plus d'un million de manifestants étaient attendus dans plus de 125 villes pour réclamer une vaste réforme de l'immigration et la régularisation des sans-papiers. Tout au long de la journée, dans tout le pays, les manifestants étaient appelés à déferler, vêtus de blanc en signe de paix et brandissant des drapeaux américains, pour demander aux élus de ne pas se contenter d'accroître la répression contre les clandestins. A Washington, plusieurs dizaines de milliers de personnes, "anciens Américains, nouveaux Américains, futurs Américains", selon les termes du sénateur démocrate Edward Kennedy venu les soutenir, se sont rassemblées dans l'après-midi devant le Capitole, où siège le Congrès. ... 
Le Sénat américain a rejeté vendredi un compromis qui aurait ouvert la voie à la naturalisation de millions d'immigrés clandestins travaillant aux Etats-Unis, bien que le président George Bush ait exprimé son soutien à une telle mesure. Le dossier devrait peser sur les élections législatives de mi-mandat présidentiel à l'automne.
Ce projet que ses partisans pensaient voir adopté à une large majorité n'a recueilli que 38 des 60 voix qui l'auraient protégé d'amendements atténuant sa portée. Les Républicains se sont prononcés à l'unisson mais l'opposition démocrate, qui ne voulait pas d'amendements, a vu six de ses sénateurs la lâcher. ... 
The nation's most prominent opponent of current immigration policy began his day yesterday on the "Today" show on NBC, debating a Hispanic defender of illegal immigrants. He moved on to "American Morning" on CNN to denounce a bill passed by the Senate Judiciary Committee on Monday as "an amnesty program."
By nightfall he was on a plane headed to Mexico, where he intended to assess critically the planned discussions on the issue between President Bush and President Vicente Fox of Mexico. ... 
A U.S. Senate compromise on an overhaul of immigration law appeared to get bogged down late on Thursday in the face of opposition by some Republicans who say it would give amnesty to lawbreakers.
It appeared unlikely the Senate would approve before a two-week congressional break on Friday the radical immigration reform that would give millions of illegal immigrants a chance to earn U.S. citizenship.
The bill's backers expressed fear that failure to enact the legislation before lawmakers leave for their spring break could hurt its chances in a congressional election year. ... 
Corruption plagues the agency that determines the legal status of immigrants, and its employees often don't conduct proper background checks of immigration applicants, a former agency official told lawmakers Thursday.
As a result, "the integrity of the United States immigration system has also been corrupted and the system is incapable of ensuring the security of our homeland," Michael Maxwell said.
"Ours is a system that rewards criminals, facilitates the movement of terrorists, (and) supports foreign agents," said Maxwell, who had been in charge of the Office of Security and Investigations at U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services until resigning in February. ... 
Details of a tentative compromise in the Senate on immigration and border security:
_Allows illegal immigrants in the country five years or more to remain and continue working. The immigrants can apply for legal permanent residency after working six more years. They must pay fines and back taxes, learn English and clear a background check. After five years of legal permanent residency, they could apply for U.S. citizenship.
_Illegal immigrants in the country for two to five years have three years to gather material to qualify for a change in status. They would then have to go to a border port of entry, and return as temporary workers. Aides referred to this as "touch base and return," since individuals covered would know in advance they would be readmitted to the United States. In the fourth year as legal temporary workers they can apply for permanent residency. ... 
The personal narratives of lawmakers whose parents and grandparents came to the United States from elsewhere were a key factor pushing the US Senate to reach its hard-fought compromise on immigration reform.
In the case of Republican Senator Mel Martinez, it was not a distant forebear, but he himself who arrived in the United States from another country.
Cuban-born Martinez, who helped to craft the key breakthrough compromise that Democrats and Republicans signed on to Thursday after days of stalemate, said he has been helped in the debate by his perspective as an immigrant. ... 
